Abstract

In conditions of acute blood loss, on the basis of calculations of the volume of blood loss and deficit of circulating blood volume the medical practitioner must to quickly assess the patient’s condition, to assign optimum, adequate, and most importantly - a timely infusion-transfusion therapy that aimed at rapid elimination of circulatory hypoxia, prevention of coagulopathy. In the case when in the bleeding time was conducted infusion therapy, especially during surgical intervention on the background of the physiological loss of liquids, the calculation of the true volume of blood loss needs to be calculating in according to Belousov’s formulas.

Keywords

Acute Blood Loss; Infusion-Transfusion Therapy; Belousov’s Formulas

Introduction

The need to use objective methods (formulas and calculations) to adequately assess the patient’s condition, treatment blood loss based on clinical, physiological, pathophysiological and biochemical mechanisms [1].

The obvious fact is that for adequate evaluation of blood loss must be properly and objectively calculate its volume. Rationale the transfusion of erythrocytes on the basis of only the clinical laboratory test the patient’s blood in conditions of iron deficiency, hypoplastic or a plastic anemia are false and dangerous. Acute blood loss leads to the development of the patient, primarily circulatory and not hemic hypoxia. Therefore, the severity of the patient with acute blood loss is not so much the deficiency of oxygen carrier, as deficient circulating blood volume (CBV).

Should also know that defined volume of blood loss never corresponds of deficit estimation of circulating blood volume (CBV def). For example, estimating blood loss is complicated by several factors, including urinary losses and the development of tissue edema [2]. Therefore, for calculation of CBV def is needed determining the volume of infusion solutions for the correction of blood loss.

In addition, the severity of the patient also depends on the state of compensatory mechanisms and the functional reserve of the all interested systems of organism. The conditions directly related to the condition of water balance. The ability to objectively assess adequately and quickly adjust the water balance - the key of pathogenesis efficacy treatment of acute blood loss.

Another important indicator of the treatment of acute blood losscolloid osmotic pressure of blood (COPB). The balance of the water sectors between the vessels, tissues and cells depends on the COPB [3]. Evaluation of pH, РаО₂ , РаСО₂ , SpO₂ , and status of buffer systems of blood is very important for correction of permeability of the cells. Status of buffer systems of the blood determines affinity between Hb and O₂ , creating the conditions for dissociation of HbO₂ according to the effect Verigo-Bora.

The actual definition of the indicator of systemic transport oxygen (СТО₂ ), no doubt, is of great diagnostic value. But, in conditions of acute blood loss more significant figure is the deficit VCB. Even if the result of the blood transfusions in the clinical analysis of the blood to will increase the level of hemoglobin (the main carrier of oxygen), it does not mean that the indicators of consumption and the index of utilization of oxygen to tissues also will increase. This is primarily due to the fact that in terms of centralization of blood flow, compensatory vasospasm consumption of oxygen to tissues is significantly reduced or stops altogether due to the inability of penetration of the erythrocytes in the capillaries which have spasm [4].

In addition, in conditions of metabolic acidosis, which occurs as a result of a circular hypoxia, a compensatory process activated dissociation of oxyhemoglobin and increases the amount of circulating free hemoglobin. The free hemoglobin in the capillaries of the lungs not associating with oxygen due to compensatory performs a buffer function.

Thus, calculation of the indicator of systemic transport oxygen (STO₂ ) in acute bleeding has not practical value. The calculation of consumption indicators of oxygen, the index utilization of oxygen to tissues, data artery-venous difference on oxygen, in this case, it is not advisable to recommend. This is primarily due to the accumulation of mathematical calculations and of small practical significance of the data [5].

In conditions of acute blood loss, on the basis of calculations of the volume of blood loss and deficit of circulating blood volume the medical practitioner must to quickly assess the patient’s condition, to assign optimum, adequate, and most importantly - a timely infusion-transfusion therapy that aimed at rapid elimination of circulatory hypoxia, prevention of coagulopathy.

In the case when in the bleeding time was conducted infusion therapy, especially during surgical intervention on the background of the physiological loss of liquids, the calculation of the true volume of blood loss needs to be calculating in according to Belousov’s formulas:

\[V{}_{trueblood} = V{B_{af/surg}}{\rm{ }} \times \frac{{(H{b_{a/inf.proper}} - H{b_{af/surg.}}}}{{H{b_{af/surg.}}}}\]

Vtrue lood	true volume of blood loss (L)
VCBaf/surg	volume circulation of blood after the surgery, which calculates by Sidor’s method (L)
Hbaf/іnf.proper	proper concentration of Hb in the peripheral venous blood of the patient after infusion (g/l)
Hbaf/surg	concentration of Hb in the peripheral venous blood of the patient after surgery, which is determined during surgery or after stopping the bleeding and stabilize of hemodynamic (g/l)
	Hb af/inf.proper    = Hb initial   –(0,5К×Hbinitial )

К	coefficient of volume balance
Hbaf./іnf	proper concentration of Hb in the peripheral venous blood of the patient after infusion (g/l)
Hbinitial	initial concentration of Hb in the peripheral venous blood of the patient (g/l)

\[K = \frac{{Vinf. - {\rm{ }}Vdiuresis{\rm{ }} + {\rm{ }}Vphysiological{\rm{ }}loss{\rm{ }}of{\rm{ }}\left( {{\rm{ }}sectors{\rm{ }}of{\rm{ }}liquid} \right)}}{{VBCactual}}\]

Vіnf.	volume of infusion (L)
К	coefficient of volume balance
VBCactual	actual  circulating  blood  volume  (preoperative),  calculated using the Shock Index (L)

Example of calculation

A patient with a body weight of 70 kg.

Data before surgery: blood pressure (BP) =100/60 mm Hg. heart rate = 80 beats/min, Hb = 105 g/l.

Data after intervention: volume of infusion = 2, 0 L, a fixed urine output = 150 ml, BP = 90/70 mm. Hg., heart rate = 84 beats/min., the concentration of Hb = 68 g/l, hematocrit (Ht) = 0.23.

The physician should answer two main questions:

1. What volume of blood loss during surgery?

2. Do need a blood transfusion?

Calculating the necessary ancillary data

Part weight of hematocrit after surgery is 17.7.

The circulating of blood volume after surgery, calculated by Sidor’s method is 3.95 L.

Calculation: the actual circulating of blood volume = proper CBV (70 * 70 = 4.9 L) - deficit CBV (in accordance with the Shock Index).

Shock Index before surgery of 0.8, which corresponds to a deficit volume (deficit CBV) of 0.5 L. Hence, the actual CBV = 4.9 L – 0.5 L = 4.4 L.

If this is the case use a modified formula of Moore, the volume of blood loss = 1.55 L. However, this calculation is not objective because it does not account for the volume of infusion and urine output during the operation.

Therefore, for an objective assessment of the true blood loss it is necessary to use the method of A.N. Belousov, which takes into account the volume of infusion and urine output:

Calculating the coefficient of volumetric balance:

\[K = \frac{{\left( {2 - 0.15} \right)}}{{4.4}} = {\rm{ }}0.42\]

Calculating proper concentration of Hb in the peripheral venous blood of the patient after infusion:

Hb after infus.= 105- (0.5*0.42*105)= 83 g/l

Calculating true volume of blood loss:

\[V{\rm{ }}true{\rm{ }}blood = 3.95*\frac{{\left( {83 - 68} \right)}}{{68}} = 0.87L\]

Conclusion

Consequently, due to the hemodilution the concentration of Hb in the blood of patients was decreased by 22 g/l, as a result of blood loss – only 15 g/l. Objective calculation of the true volume of blood loss was 870 ml or 15% of VBC, which corresponds to a blood loss of degree I (in according to classification of Marino). Despite the concentration of hemoglobin after the surgery which was 68 g/l, indication for transfusion of red blood cells has not. Moreover, in case of ignore of the fact and unreasonable transfusion of red blood cells, there is a direct threat of development after transfusion complications - volume overload.

References

1. Pope A, French G, Longnecker DE (1999) Fluid Resuscitation: State of the Science for Treating Combat Casualties and Civilian Injuries. Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Fluid Resuscitation for Combat Casualties, Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US). [Ref.]
2. Gutierrez G, Reines HD, Wulf-Gutierrez ME (2004) Clinical review: Hemorrhagic shock. Crit Care 8: 373-381. [Ref.]
3. MP Morissette (1977) Colloid osmotic pressure: its measurement and clinical value. Can Med Assoc J 116: 897-900. [Ref.]
4. Clinical Transfusiology. III of Part. Correction of hypovolemia. (editors by V. P. Polivoy, etc.) The Chernivtsi Medical University, 2016. - 448 p. ISBN 978-966-697-551-7.
5. Clinical Transfusiology. IV of Part. Legal aspects of hemotransfusion. (editors by V. P. Polivoy, etc.) The Chernivtsi Medical University, 2017. - 324 p. ISBN 978-966-697-551-9.

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Article Information

Article Type: Short communication

Citation: Belousov A, Malygon E, Yavorskiy V (2017) How Calculating the True Volume of Blood Loss on the Background of the Physiological Loss of Liquids in Practice. Clin Res Open Access 4(1): doi http://dx.doi.org/10.16966/2469-6714.129

Copyright: © 2017 Belousov A, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Publication history: 

Received date: 29 Nov 2017

Accepted date: 06 Dec 2017

Published date: 13 Dec 2017