Renu A. Kowluru
Renu A. Kowluru
Professor
  • : 313.993.6714

Department of Ophthalmology, Anatomy/Cell Biology & Endocrinology
Wayne State University
USA

Education

Graduate MS (Biochemistry) Lucknow University, Lucknow, India 1974
PhD Biochemistry/Chemistry Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, & Kanpur University, India; 1978

 

Biography

Dr. Kowluru is a Professor of Ophthalmology and Anatomy/Cell Biology at Wayne State University, Detroit. She also holds a joint appointment in the Endocrinology department. Her research is focused on understanding the molecular mechanism of diabetic retinopathy and the metabolic memory associated with its continued progression,

especially understanding the role of mitochondrial dysfunction and epigenetic modifications. Dr. Kowluru has more than 20 years of experience in diabetic retinopathy research, and has published over 140 peer-reviewed articles. She is on the editorial board of Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs, and many other Vision and Diabetes journals. She serves on a number of review panels including the National Institutes of Health, Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation and Veterans Administration

 

Research Interest

Our primary research interest is to understand the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy. Using animal models of diabetic retinopathy, we are trying to identify biochemical and molecular abnormalities that could lead to the development of retinal histopathology seen in diabetic patients. The research is mainly focused on mitochondrial damage and epigenetic modifications. We expect to elucidate important molecular targets for future pharmacological-interventions.

 

Professional Activities:

Faculty Appointments

1984-1991 Staff Member, Division of Life Sciences, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM
1991-1998 Associate Scientist (equivalent to Associate Professor-Research), Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
1999-2007 Associate Professor, Kresge Eye Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI
2007- Professor Ophthalmology, and Anatomy & Cell Biology; Wayne State University, Detroit, MI
2008- Professor Endocrinology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI

Honors/Awards

1974 Secured first position in order of merit in Masters Program
1974-78 Junior and Senior Research Fellowships from the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi, India
  1988 Certificate of Excellence from Los Alamos National Laboratory for Outstanding Contribution to Research and Development
1999 Travel Award, American Diabetes Association
2000 Thomas Foundation Award to support investigation of metabolic abnormalities in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy.
2003 Visiting Professor, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
2004 Dennise L. Gierhart Charitable Gift to support Diabetic Retinopathy Research
2001 ‘Regular Member’ of the Medical Science Research Review Committee- Complications, Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation
2005 Doctoral Committee member- National University of Singapore School of Medicine
2006-2010 ‘Regular Member’ of the Biology and Diseases of the Posterior Eye Study Section (Visual Sciences C), National Institutes of Health
2006 -Chair for the scientific session: ‘Diabetic Retinopathy: There is more thanVEGF and PKC’, American Diabetes Association's 66th Scientific Sessions
-Moderator for the scientific session “Mechanisms of angiogenesis inhibition”, Annual Meeting of the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology
-Mary Jane Kugel award from the Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation
2007 Faculty Research Excellence Award, School of Medicine, Wayne State University
2008 -Visiting Professor, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
- Distinguished Diabetes Researcher, Harold Hamm Oklahoma Diabetes Center, Oklahoma City, OK
2009 -Distinguished Vision Faculty, Vision Discovery Institute, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA
- Moderator, Special Interest Group “Natural Compounds and Retinal Diseases” Annual Meeting of the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO)
- Member-Diabetes and Metabolic Memory Working Group, Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation
- Moderator and Invited speaker, 8th International Symposium on Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Rome, Italy
2010 -Fellow, Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology
- Member, Women in Eye and Vision Research Networking committee
- Moderator, Special Interest Group “Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Ocular Diseases” ARVO Annual Meeting
- Review committee member-Sensory Systems panel, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs Rehabilitation Research and Development.
- Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation’s Visiting Professor, Department of Endocrinology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.
- Judge, Graduate Student Research Day, Wayne State University
- Moderator and invited speaker, 9th International Symposium on Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Macau
2011 -Panel member, Albert and Mary Lasker Foundation’s initiative in Diabetic Retinopathy
- Panel member, ‘Retinopathy Strategic Research Agreements’, Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation
- Review committee member-Sensory Systems panel, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs Rehabilitation Research and Development.
- Organizer and Moderator, Special Interest Group “Epigenetic Modifications and Ocular Diseases” ARVO Annual Meeting
- Elected to the Member of the Academy of Scholars, Wayne State University
- Moderator and invited speaker, 10th International Symposium on Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Vienna, Austria
- Review committee member, Animal Models of Diabetic Complications Consortium, NIH
- Moderator and invited speaker in a panel on Epigenetic changes, 16th Congress of Chinese Ophthalmological Society, Guangzhou, China
- Gift from from Dennise L. Gierhart, ZeaVision, L.L.C. to support Diabetic Retinopathy Research
2012 -Panel member, JDRF- Scientific review panel on Complications Training Awards
- Panel member, Pennsylvania Final Performance Review
- Member-Women in Science, Society of Free Radical Biology & Medicine
- Member- Professional Development committee, Society of Free Radical Biology & Medicine
- Member, Interdisciplinary Molecular Sciences and Training (IMST) IRG, NIH.
- Course director, Novel Therapeutic Targets for Diabetic Retinopathy, ARVO Annual Meeting
- Moderator, Novel Therapeutic Targets for Diabetic Retinopathy, ARVO Annual Meeting
- Invited speaker at the Special Interest Group ‘Is inflammation a viable therapeutic target in diabetic retinopathy’. ARVO Annual Meeting
- Member, ARVO’s Animals in Research Committee
- Member, ARVO’s Women in Eye and Vision Research committee
- Mentor, ARVO’s foundation developing country eye researcher
- Invited speaker at the symposium on Changing the Course of Diabetic Retinopathy, American Diabetes Association’s Annual meeting in Philadelphia, ‘Nutrition to Inhibit Diabetic Microvascular Disease’
- Keynote lecture at the annual retreat of the Visual Sciences Research Center, Case Western Reserve University, ‘Mitochondria biogenesis and pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy’
- Keynote lecture at the annual retreat of the Visual Sciences Research Center, Case Western Reserve University ‘Why is it difficult to halt the progression of diabetic retinopathy?’
- Organizer, Moderator and speaker in a panel on “Is diabetic retinopathy an inflammatory disease?” at the XX Biennial Meeting of the International Society for Eye Research, Berlin, Germany
- Member of the 2013 Merck Innovative Ophthalmology Research Awards committee, Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology
- Mentor, International Society for Eye Research-Mentoring Program
2013 - ARVO’s ‘Gold Fellow’ honor for accomplishments, leadership and contributions to the organization
- Moderator and invited speaker, 11th International Symposium on Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Paris, France
- Course director, Diabetic Retinopathy: Where do we stand and Where do we go from here? ARVO Annual Meeting
- Moderator, Diabetic Retinopathy: Where do we stand and Where do we go from here? ARVO Annual Meeting
- Moderator and invited speaker, Special Interest Group ‘Epigenetic Mechanism and Ocular Disease’; ARVO Annual Meeting
- Invited speaker at the China-ARVO Networking forum ‘Epigenetics modifications in diabetic retinopathy. ARVO Annual Meeting
- Member, ARVO’s Animals in Research Committee
- Member, ARVO’s Women in Eye and Vision Research committee
- Mentor, ARVO’s foundation on Developing Country Eye Researcher
- Member-Women in Science, Society of Free Radical Biology & Medicine
- Member- Professional Development committee, Society of Free Radical Biology & Medicine
2014 - Course director, ‘New Insights of Understanding of Diabetic Retinopathy’. ARVO Annual Meeting
- Moderator, ‘New Insights of Understanding of Diabetic Retinopathy’, ARVO Annual Meeting
- Moderator and invited speaker, Special Interest Group ‘Epigenetics and degenerative ocular disease; ARVO Annual Meeting
- Invited speaker at the China-ARVO Networking forum ‘The role of epigenetic modifications in diabetic retinopathy’. ARVO Annual Meeting
- Member, ARVO’s Animals in Research Committee
- Member, ARVO’s Women in Eye and Vision Research committee
- Mentor, ARVO’s foundation on Developing Country Eye Researcher
- Member-Women in Science, Society of Free Radical Biology & Medicine
- Member- Professional Development committee, Society of Free Radical Biology & Medicine
- Member, Membership Committee, International Society for Eye Research
2015 - Course director, ‘Diabetic retinopathy lessons from bench side and clinic’. ARVO Annual Meeting
- Moderator, ‘Diabetic retinopathy lessons from bench side and clinic’, ARVO Annual Meeting
- Member, ARVO’s Animals in Research Committee
- Member, ARVO’s Women in Eye and Vision Research committee
- Mentor, ARVO’s foundation on Developing Country Eye Researcher
- Member-Women in Science, Society of Free Radical Biology & Medicine
- Member- Professional Development committee, Society of Free Radical Biology & Medicine
- Moderator and invited speaker, International Symposium on Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics-Clinical, Berlin, Germany
- Member of the ARVO’s delegation at the Chinese Congress of Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Shenyang, China
- Member, Membership Committee, International Society for Eye Research
- Mentor, International Society for Eye Research
-Co-organizer and moderator, ARVO’s conference ‘Diabetic retinopathy lessons from bench side and clinic’, Bethesda, MD.
-Research gift from the Eversight, Ann Arbor, MI
-Research Mentor Award for the new faculty-Dr. Kyle Burghart, Wayne State University
-Co-organizer and Moderator, ARVO Summer Eye Research Conference, Bethesda, MD, ‘Diabetic Retinopathy- Battling the Global Epidemic’
-Committee Chair, Review panel- ZEY1 VSN, Training Grant and Pathways to Independence, National Eye Institute

 

Publications

  1. Puri RB, Sahib MK, Kidwai JR, Anjaneyulu K. Postnatal development of acid phosphatase and cathepsin-B in rat pancreas. Indian J Exp Biology 14: 478-479, 1976
  2. Puri RB, Kidwai JR, Sahib MK, Rao VKM. Effect of glucose and alloxan on acid phosphatase, cathepsin-B and insulin content in the islets of Langerhans of rat pancreas. Indian J Exp Biology 14:567-569, 1976
  3. Puri RB, Kidwai JR, Sahib MK, Rao VKM. Effect of glucose and alloxan on acid phosphatase, cathepsin-B and insulin content in the islets of Langerhans of rat pancreas. Indian J Exp Biology 14:567-569, 1976
  4. Puri RB, Kidwai JR, Anjaneyulu K, Rao VKM. Effect of glucose on incorporation of 14C leucine into pancreatic acid phosphatase and cathepsin B in rat. Indian J Exp Biology 33: 303-305, 1977
  5. Puri RB. Chemical and biochemical studies on the regulation of insulin formation.Ph.D. Thesis, Kanpur University, India, 1977
  6. Puri RB, Anjaneyulu K, Kidwai JR, Rao VKM. In Vitro conversion of proinsulin to insulin by cathepsin B and role of C-peptide. Acta Diabetol Latina 15: 243-250, 1978
  7. Valverde I, Vandermeers A, Anjaneyulu R, Malaisse WJ. Calmodulin activation of adenylate cyclase in pancreatic islets. Science 206: 225-227, 1979
  8. Malaisse WJ, Valverde I, Caprinelli A, Anjaneyulu R, Anjaneyulu K, Couturier E, Herchuelz A, Hutton JC, Sener A. Coupling of metabolic to cationic events in the process of insulin release. Possible role of native ionophores and endogenous calmodulin. In Diabetes, Waldausi WK ed. Excerpta Medica I.C.S. 75, pp 172, 1979
  9. Malaisse WJ, Anjaneyulu K, Anjaneyulu R, Couturier E. Ionophore mediated Ca2+ transport: Role of Na+ Li+ or H+ gradient. Mol Cell Biochem 30:67-70, 1980
  10. Anjaneyulu R, Anjaneyulu K, Couturier E, Malaisse WJ: Opposite effects of hypoglycemic and hyperglycemic sulfonamides upon ionophore mediated calcium transport. Biochem Pharmacol 29: 1879-1882, 1980
  11. Anjaneyulu K, Anjaneyulu R, Malaisse WJ. The stimulus-secretion coupling of glucose-induced insulin release. Na+-Ca++ counter transport mediated by pancreatic islet native ionophores. J Inorg Biochem 13: 178-188, 1980
  12. Anjaneyulu R, Anjaneyulu K, Carpinelli AR, Sener A, Malaisse WJ. The stimulussecretion coupling of glucose induced insulin release: Enzymes of mannose metabolism in pancreatic islets. Arch Biochem Biophys 212: 54-62, 1981
  13. Anjaneyulu K, Anjaneyulu R, Sener A, Malaisse WJ. Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activity in pancreatic islets. FEBS Letters 125: 57-59, 1981
  14. Anjaneyulu K, Anjaneyulu R, Sener A, Malaisse WJ. The stimulus-secretion coupling of glucose-induced insulin release: Thiol disulfide balance in pancreatic islets. Biochemie 64: 29-36, 1982
  15. Kowluru RA, George R, Jefcoate CR. Polyphopshoinositide activation of cholesterol side chain cleavage with purified cytochrome P-450 scc. J Biol Chem 258: 8053, 1983
  16. Narasimhulu N, Eddy CR, Dibartolomeis M, Kowluru RA, Jefcoate CR. Adrenal microsomal hydroxylation system: Purification and Substrate binding properties of cytochrome P-450 c-21. Biochemistry 24: 4287-4292, 1985
  17. Kowluru A, Kowluru RA, Bitensky MW, Corwin EJ, Solomon S, Johnson JD. Suggested mechanism for the selective excretion of glucosylated albumin: The effects of diabetes mellitus and aging on this process and the origins of diabetic micro albuminuria. J Exptl Med 166: 1259-1279, 1987
  18. Kowluru RA, Bitensky MW, Kowluru A, Dembo M, Keaton PA, Buican T. Reversible sodium pump defect and swelling in diabetic rat erythrocyte. Effects on filterability and implications for microangiopathy. Proc Natl Acad Sci (USA) 86: 3327-3331, 1989
  19. Bitensky MW, Kowluru A, Kowluru RA. Non-enzymatic glycation and protein recognition. Prog Clin Biol Res 304: 185-203, 1989
  20. Kowluru RA, Heidom D, Edmondson S, Kowluru A, Bitensky MW, Downer N, Whaley TW, Trewhella J. Glycation of calmodulin: Chemistry, and structural and functional consequences. Biochemistry 28: 2220-2228, 1989
  21. Bitensky MW, Kowluru A, Kowluru RA. Non-enzymatic glycation and protein recognition. In The Maillard Reaction in Aging, Diabetes and Nutrition. Baynes JW and Monnier VM Eds. Pp 185-203 Alan R. Liss, New York, 1989
  22. Bitensky MW, Dembo M, Kowluru A, Kowluru RA, Keaton PA, Buican TN. Increased survival of transfused red blood cells. In Research Highlights, Annual Report of Physics Division. Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, 1990
  23. Dhariwal MS, Kowluru RA, Jefcoate CR. Cytochrome P-450 scc induces vesicle aggregation through secondary interactions at the adrenodoxin binding sites (in comparison with protein exchange). Biochemistry 30: 4940-4949, 1991
  24. Kowluru RA, Kowluru A. Erythrocyte sodium-potassium ATPase activity and thiol metabolism in genetically hyperglycemic mice: Comparison with streptozotocin diabetic rat. Metabolism 41: 160-164, 1992
  25. Kowluru A, Kowluru RA. Phospholipid N-methylation in diabetic erythrocytes: Effects on membrane Na+ K+ ATPase activity. Cell Biochem Function 10: 95-101, 1992
  26. Kowluru A, Kowluru RA, Solomon S, Martinez L. Protein glycation: effects upon recognition by the proximal tubule. Life Sciences 50: 281-286, 1992
  27. Kowluru A, Kowluru RA. Preferential excretion of glycated albumin in C57BL-KS-J mice. Effects of diabetes. Experientia 48: 486-488, 1992
  28. Kowluru A, Kowluru RA, Yamazaki A. Functional alterations of G-proteins in diabetic retina: A possible explanation for the early visual abnormalities in diabetes. Diabetologia 35: 624-631, 1992
  29. Kern TS, Kowluru RA, Engerman RL. Abnormalities of retinal metabolism in diabetes or galactosemia. I. ATPases and glutathione. Inves Ophthal Vis Sci 35: 2962-2967, 1994
  30. Kowluru RA, Kern TS, Engerman RL. Abnormalities of retinal metabolism in diabetes and galactosemia. II. Comparison of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase in retina and cerebral cortex and effects of antioxidant therapy. Current Eye Research 13: 891- 896, 1994
  31. Yamazaki T, Kowluru RA, McNamara BC, Jefcoate CR. P-450 scc-dependent cholesterol metabolism in rat adrenal mitochondria is inhibited by low concentrations of matrix calcium. Arch Bioch Bioph 318: 131-139, 1995
  32. Kowluru RA, Yamazaki T, McNamara BC, Jefcoate CR. Metabolism of exogenous cholesterol by adrenal mitochondria is stimulated equally by physiological levels of free calcium and by GTP. Mol Cell Endocrinology 107: 181-188, 1995
  33. Kern TS, Kowluru RA, Engerman RL. Questions raised by studies of experimental diabetic retinopathy. In Diabetes 1994; Proceedings of 15th International Diabetes Federation Congress, Baba S and Tanako T. eds. Kobe, Japan, Excerpta Medica, pp 331-334, 1995
  34. Kowluru RA, Kern TS, Engerman RL, Armstrong D. Abnormalities of retinal metabolism in diabetes and galactosemia. III. Effects of antioxidants. Diabetes 45: 1233-1237, 1996
  35. Kern TS, Kowluru RA, Engerman RL. Dog and rat models of diabetic retinopathy. In Lessons in Animal Diabetes. E Shafrir, ed. London, Smith-Gordon, Boston: Birkhauser, 395-408, 1996
  36. Kowluru RA, Kern TS, Engerman RL. Abnormalities of retinal metabolism in diabetes and galactosemia. IV. Antioxidant defense system. Free Rad Biol Med 22: 587-592, 1997
  37. Kowluru RA, Jirousek MR, Stramm L, Farid N, Engerman RL, Kern TS. Abnormalities of retinal metabolism in diabetes and galactosemia. V. Relationship between diabetes-induced alterations in retinal protein kinase C and ATPases in rats. Diabetes 47: 464-469, 1998
  38. Kowluru A, Kowluru RA. Subcellular localization and characterization of nucleoside diphosphate kinase in rat retina: Effect of diabetes. Bioscience Reports 4: 187-198,1998
  39. Kowluru RA, Engerman RL, Kern TS. Abnormalities of retinal metabolism in diabetes and galactosemia. VI. Comparison of retinal and cerebral cortex metabolism, and effects of antioxidant therapy. Free Rad Biol Med 26: 371-378, 1999
  40. Berkowitz BB, Kowluru RA, Frank RN, Kern TS, Hohman TC, Prakash M. Subnormal retinal oxygenation response precedes diabetic-like retinopathy. Inves Ophthal Vis Sci 40: 2100-2105, 1999
  41. Kowluru RA, Jirousek MR, Stramm L, Farid N, Engerman RL, Kern TS. Abnormalities of retinal metabolism in diabetes and galactosemia. V. Relationship between diabetes-induced alterations in retinal protein kinase C and ATPases in rats. In Focus on Diabetic Retinopathy. Bijesterveld OP ed Netherlands, Excerpta Medica 6: 38-39, 1999
  42. Kowluru RA, Engerman RL, Kern TS. Diabetes-induced metabolic abnormalities in heart. Free Radical Research 32: 67-74, 2000
  43. Kern TS, Tang J, Mizutani M, Kowluru RA, Nagraj R, Lorenzi M. Response of capillary cell death to aminoguanidine predicts the development of retinopathy: Comparison of diabetes and galactosemia. Inves Ophthal Vis Sci 41: 3972-3978, 2000
  44. Kowluru RA, Engerman RL, Kern TS. Abnormalities of retinal metabolism in diabetes and galactosemia. VII. Prevention by aminoguanidine. Current Eye Research 21: 814-819, 2000
  45. Kowluru RA, Engerman RL, Case GL, Kern TS. Retinal glutamate in diabetes and effect of antioxidants. Neurochem International 38: 385-390, 2001
  46. Kowluru RA, Tang J, Kern TS. Abnormalities of retinal metabolism in diabetes and galactosemia. VII. Effect of long-term administration of antioxidants on retinal oxidative stress and the development of retinopathy. Diabetes 50: 1938-1942, 2001
  47. Kowluru RA. Diabetes-induced elevation in retinal oxidative stress, protein kinase C and nitric oxide are inter-related. Acta Diabetologica 38: 179-185, 2001
  48. Kowluru RA, Kennedy A. Therapeutic potential of antioxidants and diabetic retinopathy. Expert Opinion Investigational Drugs 10: 1665-1676, 2001
  49. Kowluru RA, Koppolu P. Diabetes-induced activation of Caspase-3: Effect of antioxidants therapy. Free Radical Research 36: 993-999, 2002
  50. Kowluru RA. Retinal metabolic abnormalities in diabetic mouse: comparison with diabetic rat. Current Eye Research 24: 123-128, 2002
  51. Kowluru RA, Koppolu P. Termination of experimental galactosemia in rats, and progression of retinal metabolic abnormalities. Inves Ophthal Vis Sci 43: 3287-3291, 2002
  52. Kowluru RA. Effect of re-institution of good glycemic control on retinal oxidative stress and nitrative stress in diabetic rats. Diabetes 52: 818-823, 2003
  53. Kowluru RA, Tang J, Kern TS. Abnormalities of retinal metabolism in diabetes and experimental galactosemia. VII. Effect of long-term administration of antioxidants on the development of retinopathy. In Focus on Diabetic Retinopathy. Bijesterveld OP ed. Netherlands. Excerpta Medica 10: 19-20, 2003
  54. Kowluru RA, Koppolu P, Chakrabarti S, Chen S. Diabetes-induced activation of nuclear transcriptional factor in the retina, and its inhibition by antioxidants. Free Radical Research 37: 1169-1180, 2003
  55. Kowluru RA, Abbas SN. Diabetes-induced mitochondrial dysfunction in the retina. Inves Ophthal Vis Sci 44: 5327-5334, 2003
  56. Luan H, Liggett M, Gupta RR, Pacheco D, Seidner A, Liggett J, Ito Y, Kowluru R, Berkowitz BA. Diabetic PKC βII knockout mice show regionally specific correction of the early subnormal retinal oxygenation response. Inves Ophthal Vis Sci 45: 937-942, 2004
  57. Kowluru RA, Kowluru A, Chakrabarti S, Khan Z. Potential contributory role of HRas, a small G-protein, in the development of retinopathy in diabetic rats. Diabetes 53:775-783, 2004
  58. Kowluru RA, Odenbach S. Role of interleukin-1β in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy. British J Ophthalmology 88:1343-1347, 2004
  59. Kowluru RA, Abbas SN, Odenbach S: Reversal of hyperglycemia and diabetic nephropathy: Effect of re-institution of good metabolic control on oxidative stress in the kidney of diabetic rats. J Diabetes & its Complications 18:282-288, 2004
  60. Kowluru RA, Odenbach. Role of interleukin-1β_ in the development of diabetic retinopathy in rats: effect of antioxidants. Inves Ophthal Vis Sci 45:4161-4166, 2004
  61. Kowluru RA, Odenbach S. Effect of long-term administration of alpha lipoic acid on retinal capillary cell death and the development of retinopathy in diabetic rats. Diabetes 53:3233-3238, 2004
  62. Kowluru RA, Chakrabarti S, Chen S. Re-institution of good metabolic control in diabetic rats and activation of caspase-3 and nuclear transcriptional factor in the retina. Acta Diabetologica 44:194-199, 2004
  63. Kowluru RA. Effect of advanced glycation end products on accelerated apoptosis of retinal capillary cells under in vitro conditions. Life Sciences 76:1051-60, 2005
  64. Kowluru RA. Diabetic retinopathy: Mitochondrial dysfunction and retinal capillary cell death. Antioxidants & Redox Signaling 7:1581-1587, 2005
  65. Kowluru RA. Diabetic retinopathy, oxidative stress and antioxidants. Current Topics in Nutraceutical Research 3/4: 209-218, 2005
  66. Kowluru RA, Atasi L, Ho Y-S. Role of mitochondrial superoxide dismutase in the development of diabetic retinopathy. Invest Ophthal Vis Sci 47:1594-1599, 2006
  67. Kowluru RA, Kowluru V, Xiaong YS, Ho YS. Overexpression of mitochondrial superoxide dismutase in mice protects the retina from diabetes- induced oxidative stress. Free Rad Biol Med 41: 1191-1196, 2006
  68. Cheng DW, Jiang Y, Shalev A, Kowluru R, Crook ED, Singh LP. An analysis of high glucose and glucosamine-induced gene expression and oxidative stress in renal mesangial cells. J Arch Physiol Biochem 118:189-212, 2006
  69. Singh LP, Cheng DW, Kowluru R, Levi E, Jiang Y. Hexosamine induction of oxidative stress, hypertrophy and laminin expression in renal mesangial cells: effect of antioxidant α-lipoic acid. Cell Biochem Func 25:537-550, 2007
  70. Kowluru RA, Kowluru A, Kanwar M. Role of small molecular weight G-protein, HRas, in retinal capillary cell death in diabetes. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry 396: 69-76, 2007
  71. Kowluru V, Kowluru RA. Increased oxidative stress in diabetes regulates activation of a small molecular weight G-protein, H-Ras, in the retina. Molecular Vision 13: 602- 610, 2007
  72. Kowluru RA, Kanwar M. Effects of curcumin on retinal oxidative stress and inflammation in diabetes. Nutrition & Metabolism (London) 4:8, 2007
  73. Kanwar M, Chan PS, Kern TS, Kowluru RA. Oxidative damage in the retinal mitochondria of diabetic mice: Possible protection by superoxide dismutase. Invest Ophthal Vis Sci 48: 3805-3811, 2007
  74. Chan PS, Kowluru RA. Role of retinal mitochondria in the development of diabetic retinopathy. Expert Review of Ophthalmology 2: 237-247, 2007
  75. Kowluru RA, Kanwar M, Kennedy A. Metabolic memory phenomenon and accumulation of peroxynitrite in retinal capillaries. Exp Diabetes Res 2197, 2007
  76. Kowluru RA, Chan PS. Oxidative stress and diabetic retinopathy. Exp Diabetes Res 43603, 2007
  77. Kowluru RA, Menon B, Gierhart D. Beneficial effect of zeaxanthin on retinal metabolic abnormalities in diabetic rats. Invest Ophthal Vis Sci 49:1645-1651, 2008
  78. Kowluru RA, Chan PS. Capillary drop-out in diabetic retinopathy, chapter for book entitled ‘Diabetic Retinopathy’, Humana Press, NJ, in press, 265-282, 2008
  79. Rayappa S, Kowluru RA. Role of Raf-1 kinase in diabetes-induced accelerated apoptosis of retinal capillary cells. Intern J of Biomed Sci 4:20-28, 2008
  80. Kanwar M, Kowluru RA. Diabetes regulates small molecular weight G-protein, HRas, in the microvasculature of the retina: Implication in the development of retinopathy. Microvascular Research 76:189-193, 2008
  81. Madsen-Bouterse SA, Kowluru RA. Oxidative stress and diabetic retinopathy: Pathophysiological mechanisms and treatment perspectives. Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders 9:315-327, 2008
  82. Kowluru RA, Kanwar M, Chan PS, Zhang JP. Inhibition of retinopathy and retinal metabolic abnormalities in diabetic rats with AREDS-based micronutrients. Arch Ophthalmol 126:1266-1272, 2008
  83. Kowluru R. Metabolic memory puzzle and progression of diabetic retinopathy. Acta Ophthalmologica 86:s243, 2008
  84. Kanwar M, Kowluru RA. Role of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase in the development and progression of diabetic retinopathy. Diabetes 58:227-234, 2009
  85. Kowluru RA, Kanwar M. Oxidative stress and the development of diabetic retinopathy: Contributory role of matrix metalloproteinase-2. Free Rad Biol Med 46:1677-1685, 2009
  86. Kowluru RA, Kanwar M. Translocation of H-Ras and its implications in the development of diabetic retinopathy. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 387:461-466, 2009
  87. Madsen-Bouterse SA, Mohammad G, Kowluru RA. Glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate dehydrogenase in retinal microvasculature: Implications for the development and progression of diabetic retinopathy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 51:1765-1772, 2010
  88. Madsen-Bouterse SA, Zhong Q, Mohammad G, Ho YS, Kowluru RA. Oxidative damage of mitochondrial DNA in diabetes and its protection by manganese superoxide dismutase. Free Rad Research 44:313-321, 2010
  89. Kowluru RA, Chan PS. Metabolic memory in diabetes–from in vitro oddity to in vivo problem: Role of apoptosis. Brain Res Bull 81: 297-302, 2010
  90. Chan PS, Kanwar M, Kowluru RA. Resistance of retinal inflammatory mediators to suppress after re-institution of good glycemic control: Novel mechanism for metabolic memory. J Diabetes & its Complications 24:55-63, 2010
  91. Madsen-Bouterse SA, Mohammad G, Kanwar M, Kowluru RA. Role of Mitochondrial DNA damage in the development of diabetic retinopathy, and the metabolic memory phenomenon associated with its progression. Antioxid Redox Signal 13:797-805, 2010
  92. Mohammad G, Kowluru RA. Matrix metalloproteinase-2 in the development of diabetic retinopathy and mitochondrial dysfunction. Lab Invest 90:1365-1372, 2010
  93. Kowluru RA, Kanwar M. Metabolic memory and diabetic retinopathy: Role of inflammatory mediators in retinal pericytes. Exp Eye Research 90:617-623, 2010
  94. Kowluru RA. Role of matrix metalloproteinase-9 in the development of diabetic retinopathy and its regulation by H-Ras. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 51:4320-4326, 2010
  95. Zhong Q, Kowluru RA. Role of histone acetylation in the development of diabetic retinopathy and the metabolic memory phenomenon. J of Cell Biochem 110:1306-1313, 2010
  96. Hedge KR, Kowluru RA, Mohr S, Nagaraj RH, Petrash JM. Research on diabetic complications of the eye: special emphasis on diabetic cataracts and retinopathy. J Ophthalmol Article ID 979040, 2010
  97. Santos JM, Mohammad G, Zhong Q, Kowluru RA. Diabetic retinopathy, superoxide damage and antioxidants. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 1:352-361, 2011
  98. Zhou T, Zhou KK, Lee K, Gao G, Lyons TJ, Kowluru R, Ma JX. The role of lipid peroxidation products and oxidative stress in activation of the canonical wingless-type MMTV integration site (WNT) pathway in a rat model of diabetic retinopathy.Diabetologia 54: 459-468, 2011
  99. Mohammad G, Kowluru RA. Novel role of mitochondrial matrix metalloproteinase-2 in the development of diabetic retinopathy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 52:3832-3841,2011
  100. Zhong Q, Kowluru RA. Epigenetic changes in mitochondrial superoxide dismutase in the retina, and the development of diabetic retinopathy. Diabetes 60:1304-1313, 2011
  101. Mohammad G and Kowluru RA. The role of Raf-1 kinase in diabetic retinopathy. Expert Opin Ther Targets 15:357-364, 2011
  102. Santos JM, Tewari S, Goldberg AFX, Kowluru RA. Mitochondria biogenesis and the development of diabetic retinopathy. Free Rad Biol Med 51: 1849-1860, 2011
  103. Syed I, Kyathanahalli CN, Jayaram B, Govind S, Rhodes CJ, Kowluru RA, Kowluru A. Increased phagocyte-like NADPH oxidase and reactive oxygen species generation in Type 2 diabetic ZDF rat and human islets: Role of Rac1-Jun NH2-terminal kinase ½ signaling pathway in mitochondrial dysregulation in the diabetic islet. Diabetes 60: 2843- 2852, 2011
  104. Kowluru RA, Mohammad G, Santos M, Zhong Q. Abrogation of MMP9 gene protects against the development of retinopathy in diabetic mice by preventing mitochondrial damage. Diabetes 60: 3023-3033, 2011
  105. Kowluru RA, Zhong Q. Beyond AREDS: Is there a place for anti-oxidant therapy in the prevention/ treatment of eye disease? Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 52:8665-8671, 2011
  106. Zhong Q, Kowluru RA. Diabetic retinopathy and damage to mitochondrial structure and transport machinery. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 52:8739-8746, 2011
  107. Santos JM, Kowluru RA. Role of mitochondria biogenesis in the metabolic memory associated with the continued progression of diabetic retinopathy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 52:8791-8798, 2011
  108. Kowluru RA, Mohammad G, Santos J, Tewari S, Zhong Q. Interleukin-1β and mitochondria damage, and the development of diabetic retinopathy. J Ocular Biology, Diseases and Informatics 4:3-9, 2011
  109. Mohammad G and Kowluru R. Diabetic retinopathy and signaling mechanism for activation of matrix metalloproteinases-9. J Cell Physiol 227:1052-1061, 2012
  110. Tewari S, Santos JM and Kowluru RA. Damaged mitochondrial DNA replication system and the development of diabetic retinopathy. Antioxid Redox Signal, 17:492-504, 2012
  111. Kowluru RA, Zhong Q, Santos JM. Matrix metalloproteinases in diabetic retinopathy: potential role of MMP-9. Expert Opinion Investig Drug 21:797-805, 2012
  112. Tewari S, Kowluru RA. Mitochondria DNA replication and DNA methylation in the metabolic memory associated with continued progression of diabetic retinopathy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 53:4881-4888, 2012
  113. Santos JM, Tewari J, Kowluru RA. A compensatory mechanism protects retinal mitochondria from initial insult in diabetic retinopathy. Free Rad Biol Med 53:1729-1737, 2012
  114. Zhong Q, Kowluru RA. Epigenetic modification of Sod2 in the development of diabetic retinopathy and in the metabolic memory: Role of histone methylation. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 54: 244-250, 2013
  115. Santos JM, Kowluru RA. Impaired transport of mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM) and the metabolic memory phenomenon associated with the progression of diabetic retinopathy. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 29:204-213, 2013
  116. Zhong Q, Mishra M, Kowluru RA. Transcription factor Nrf2-mediated antioxidant defense system in the development of diabetic retinopathy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 54:3941-3948, 2013
  117. Zhong Q, Kowluru RA. Regulation of matrix metallopeptidase-9 by epigenetic modifications, and the development of diabetic retinopathy. Diabetes 62:2559-2568, 2013
  118. Kowluru RA. Mitochondria damage in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy and in the metabolic memory associated with its continued progression. Curr Med Chem 20:3226-3233, 2013
  119. Kowluru RA, Santos JM, Mishra M. Epigenetic modifications and diabetic retinopathy. BioMed Res International 2013:635284; 2013
  120. Santos JM, Tewari S, Lin J, Kowluru RA. Interrelationship between activation of matrix metalloproteinases and mitochondrial dysfunction in the development of diabetic retinopathy. Biochem Biophys Res Comm 438:760-764, 2013
  121. Kowluru A, Kowluru RA. Phagocyte-like NADPH oxidase (Nox2) in cellular dysfunction in models of glucolipotoxicity and diabetes. Biochem Pharmacol 88: 275-283, 2014
  122. Kowluru RA, Zhong Q, Santos JM, Thandampallayam M, Putt D, Gierhart SL. Beneficial effects of carotenoids on diabetic retinopathy. Nutrition & Metabolism (Lond) 11:8, 2014
  123. Kowluru RA, Kowluru A, Mohammad G, Syed I, Santos JM, Mishra M. Tiam1- Rac1 signaling axis mediated activation of NADPH oxidase-2 initiates mitochondrial damage in the development of diabetic retinopathy. Diabetologia 57: 1047-1056, 2014
  124. Santos JM, Mishra M, Kowluru RA. Posttranslational modification of mitochondrial transcription factor A in impaired mitochondria biogenesis: Implications in diabetic retinopathy and metabolic memory phenomenon. Exp Eye Res 121:168-177, 2014
  125. Mishra M, Zhong Q, Kowluru RA. Epigenetic modifications of Nrf2-mediated glutamate-cysteine ligase: implications for the development of diabetic retinopathy and the metabolic memory phenomenon associated with its continued progression. Free Radic Biol Med 75:129-139, 2014
  126. Kowluru RA, Santos JM, Zhong Q. Sirt1, A negative regulator of Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 in diabetic retinopathy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 55: 5653-5660, 2014
  127. Mishra M, Kowluru RA. Retinal mitochondrial DNA mismatch repair in the development of diabetic retinopathy, and its continued progression after termination of hyperglycemia. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 55: 6960-6967, 2014
  128. Mishra M, Zhong Q, Kowluru RA. Epigenetic modifications of Keap1 regulate its interaction with the protective factor Nrf2 in the development of diabetic retinopathy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 55:7256-7265, 2014
  129. Veluthakal R, Kumar B, Mohammad G, Kowluru A, Kowluru RA. Tiam1-Rac1 aAxis promotes activation of p38 MAP kinase in the development of diabetic retinopathy: Evidence for a requisite role for protein palmitoylation. Cell Physiol Biochem 36: 208-220, 2015
  130. Kowluru RA, Kowluru A, Mishra M, Kumar B. Oxidative stress and epigenetic modifications in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy. Prog Retin Eye Res Epub 2015 May 12, 2015
  131. Kumar B, Kowluru A, Kowluru RA. Lipotoxicity augments glucotoxicity-induced mitochondrial damage in the development of diabetic retinopathy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 56: 2985-2992, 2015
    Kowluru RA, Mishra M. Contribution of epigenetics in diabetic retinopathy. Sci China Life Sci 58: 556-563, 2015
  132. Chous AP, Richer SP, Gerson JD, Kowluru RA. The Diabetes Visual Function Supplement Study (DiVFuSS). Br J Ophthalmol 2015, Jun 18
  133. Kowluru A, Kowluru RA. Protein prenylation in islet β cell function in health and diabetes: Putting the pieces of the puzzle together. Biochem Pharmacol 2015 Jul 26
  134. Mishra M, Kowluru RA. Epigenetic modification of mitochondrial DNA in the development of diabetic retinopathy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 56: 5133-5142, 2015
  135. Kowluru RA, Mishra M. Oxidative stress, mitochondrial damage and diabetic retinopathy. Biochim Biophys Acta 1852: 2474-2483, 2015
  136. Mishra M, Flaga J, Kowluru M. Novel mechanism of transcriptional regulation of matrix metalloproteinase-9 in diabetic retinopathy. 2015, Under editorial review
  137. Mishra M, Lillvis J, Tewari S, Kowluru R. Mitochondrial DNA damage in blood as a potential non-invasive biomarker of diabetic retinopathy. 2015, Under editorial review

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